Over 27 killed, found dead in Mexico over weekend

Mexico's investigative review Proceso counted 27 presumed victims of crime, either shot or found dead around Mexico on 18 and 19 November, including a five-year-old killed by accident. These included "at least" ten bodies found in two clandestine graves in Zumpango in the western state of Guerrero; police found the graves after they detained and interrogated on 18 November five presumed members of a gang called Los Rojos, in the district of Chilpancingo in Guerrero. A five-year-old boy was shot and killed while travelling in his father's car, caught in crossfire between police and criminals in the northern city of Gómez Palacio. Separately the state government of Nuevo León in northern Mexico announced on 19 November the arrest of a criminal "cell" of 19 or 24 members associated with The Zetas cartel, led by a man and a woman and including five working policemen and five teenagers. Investigators linked the group to "at least" 16 kidnappings, 12 killings and unspecified acts of extortion. Police confiscated items from them including cash, arms, cars, drugs and "planks for torture," Proceso reported, citing the state security spokesman Jorge Domene Zambrano.

Over a dozen killed in Mexico in a day

Gun fights between state forces and presumed criminals in two districts of Mexico killed nine including a soldier on 18 November, while 10 policemen were arrested for suspected collusion with organized crime, Proceso reported. The shootouts occurred in the northern district of Indé and in Ocampo in the north-western state of Michoacán; in Ocampo 10 local policemen were arrested after the shootout, including the district police chief and deputy-head. A gang boss or perhaps local representative of one of the cartels - dubbed El Constans - was killed in this shootout. Three men were separately shot dead on a road near Ciudad Juárez by the US frontier; 150 bullets were fired into them from AK-47 assault rifles, Proceso reported. The three were identified as from the nearby district of Guadalupe, and were driving a car without a licence plate. A university lecturer was separately shot dead in the district of Chihuahua on 18 November; he was named as Adolfo Zuñiga de la Torre, a member of the chemistry department at the Autonomous University of Chihuahua, Proceso reported. A policeman died in hospital in the northern city of Saltillo, after he was injured in a car chase and shootout with suspects in that city, Milenio reported on 19 November, citing Notimex.

Colombian negotiators set to resume talks with rebels

Colombian negotiators left Bogotá for Havana in Cuba on 18 November, and were set to resume on 19 November talks to end decades of fighting with the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC), although this round of talks was initially planned for 15 November, El Espectador reported. Colombia's chief negotiator Humberto de la Calle Lombana told the press at Bogota's airport that Colombia knew "clearly and without ambiguities" what it wanted from talks and reminded the FARC that the polity and economics of Colombia were not being discussed. "the Government and the guerrillas have separately said what we both agree on: we are not arriving in Havana to negotiate Colombia's model of development nor government policies, likewise we are not asking the FARC to abandon or negotiate their ideas," he said. He reiterated the government's position that there would be no ceasefire nor any concession to the guerrillas during talks, as he said this had given the FARC advantages in previous parleys. De la Calle said the talks were to last months not years and should yield "practical, possible" results, not "disappointments." He boarded a Colombian airforce plane accompanied by other "plenipotentiary" negotiators, the Colombian High Commissioner for Peace Sergio Jaramillo, the former armed forces chief Jorge Enrique Mora, former Peace Commissioner Frank Pearl and the industrialist Luis Carlos Villegas. Former police chief Oscar Naranjo, another plenipotentiary negotiator, was expected in Havana on 20 November. Meanwhile the FARC and the other leftist guerrillas of the National Liberation Army (ELN), continued their violent activities inside Colombia. The FARC were attributed a bomb explosion on 11 November near a police station in Suárez in the southern Cauca department, which  injured 25 people. On 17 they were suspected to have blown up a part of the Transandino pipeline in the southern Nariño department, causing crude oil to pour into the nearby Sucio river, which flows into the larger Putumayo, El Colombiano reported. The ELN were separately the suspected authors of a bomb attack that killed one person and injured two on 17 November, in the district of El Tarra in northern Colombia, El Espectador reported.

Mexican anti-crime coordinator removed from post

Mexican dailies reported on 16 November the resignation "for strictly personal reasons" of the head of the prosecutor's office dealing with organized crime - SEIDO - while indicating that the departure came at the request of Mexico's Prosecutor-General Marisela Morales Ibañez. She was said to have sought the removal of José Cuitláhuac Salinas Martínez as well as the deputy-prosecutor in charge of assaults and car thefts, for "anomalies" found within that office and "possible indications" of criminal conduct by members of its staff, the dailies El Informador and El Universal reported on 16 November. According to CNN Salinas Martínez had resigned weeks before but was provisionally kept in his post. His office, like other public institutions in Mexico, was feared infiltrated and corrupted by drug cartels. Salinas, who took office on 1 November 2011, was also reported to have refused to dismiss officials as requested by the Prosecutor-General. The prosecutor-general's office appointed Rodrigo Archundia Barrientos as acting head of SEIDO (Procuraduría Especializada en Investigación de Delincuencia Organizada).

About 30 killed, found dead in Mexico over three days

More than 30 people were reported killed or found dead from apparent criminal incidents around Mexico on 14-16 November, including gangsters, civil servants and policemen and children, Proceso reported on 15 and on 16 November. The victims included: an official of the state prosecutor's office gunned down while driving in the north-central district of Guanajuato, seven shot dead in the western resort of Acapulco, and two policemen shot dead, in the south-central state of Morelos and in Piedras Negras near the US frontier. The decomposing body of a 12-year-old boy was found on 15 November in Madera in the north-western state of Chihuahua; police believed he was strangled or suffocated to death 30 days earlier. Eleven or 12 of the dead were suspected gangsters shot dead in gun battles with troops in different parts of the country. In one incident gunmen in a convoy of 10 cars began firing on a military patrol in the north-eastern district of Tamaulipas; in another late on 16 November troops shot dead four suspected gangsters on a road in the northern state of Zacatecas, El Universal reported on 17 November. The troops were said to have fired after coming under attack. The former mayoress of Tiquicheo in the western state of Michoacán was found dead on 15 November, in Cuitzeo in the same state, El Universal reported on 17 November. María Santos Gorrestieta Salazar was twice the target of attempted assassinations when she was mayoress in 2008-11, in 2009 when a gun attack killed her husband and in 2010.

Mexican president blames crime for thousands of deaths

Mexico's outgoing president, Felipe Calderón Hinojosa, defended his six-year administration's war on drug cartels and said it was "irresponsible" to blame the state or himself for the thousands of violent deaths reported since 2006. He was responding in an interview with the daily Milenio published online on 15 November, to critics who have blamed some 50-60,000 deaths on his decision to fight crime using federal police and the armed forces. One of these was his predecessor Vicente Fox Quesada, who said on 14 November that this had been "a lost war." Calderón told Milenio the dead were to do with "criminals who are killing people, some innocent others probably linked to rival cartels." Violence in Mexico he said "is not a consequence of the Federal Government's actions" but "of violence which we have seen rising in many states," because he said cartels were no longer just sending drugs outwards but seeking to control Mexican territory. This was "a change in the dimension of criminality that was never understood," he said. Mexico he said now had "powerful" armed and police forces, and he praised the intelligence services that had helped catch 25 of Mexico's 37 most wanted criminals, during his term. He said he found Mexican intelligence "totally devastated" when he succeeded Fox, as it had been dismantled. This had been done for the perception that it had been used before 2000 as a "political instrument" to "spy on opponents", and there "was something in that" Calderón admitted. Mexico was governed from 1929 to 2000 by the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI), a centrist party that became increasingly authoritarian and is set to recover the presidency on 1 December. The conservative National Action Party (PAN) to which Fox and Calderón belong, won elections in 2000 and Fox became president. But aside his later criticisms of Calderón, he angered the PAN by backing the PRI candidate in the 2012 general elections. Calderón told Milenio he had not spoken to Fox for some time. Fox in turn told the broadcaster Univisión on 14 November that he had "time and again" advised Calderón not to use the army to fight cartels, but "he did exactly the opposite and we are seeing the consequences today." The only way to win against drugs he said "is by being with our children, educating and informing them and taking responsibility for our children's behaviour." He said the state could not be expected to protect "our children and prevent them from accessing drugs." He also chided the United States for allegedly doing little to curb the habits of its "60 million" drug users. "We are doing all the work for them," he said.

At least 20 killed in Mexico mid-week

"At least" 20 were reported killed or found dead around Mexico on 12-14 November, presumed victims of criminal violence and most likely of organized crime. These included: a bus driver shot before a bus-full of passengers in Acapulco on the western coast, four gunned down outside a brewery in Ciudad Valles near the eastern port of Tampico, five bodies found at the back of an estate car in Ecatepec outside Mexico City and two including a journalist shot dead in Tehuacán, in the eastern state of Puebla, Proceso reported on 13 and 14 November. The journalist was shot while driving from an assignment; the other victim was a former policewoman, CNN reported. In the north-eastern state of Nuevo León, police arrested on 10 November, 22 suspects identified as members of the Gulf Cartel and working in a team led by a 19-year-old, Proceso reported on 14 November. The "cell," including three members aged 15-17, was thought involved in drug trafficking, kidnapping and murders in the district of China where the suspects were arrested, Nuevo León's security spokesman Jorge Domene Zambrano said. Authorities revealed on 13 November the arrests of three other presumed members of cartels, Proceso reported. These were identified as Mario Arturo Zurita, head of The Zetas in the northern district of Saltillo arrested on 12 November, and two members of the Cartel Jalisco Nueva Generación, detained on 9 November in the eastern port of Veracruz. Separately the mayor of El Bosque in the southern state of Chiapas and two municipal offficials were shot and injured in an ambush, while driving to nearby Simojovel on 13 November, Proceso reported.

Colombian police arrest gang bosses at "summit"

Police forces arriving in helicopters bust a meeting of criminal bosses on an estate in western Colombia on 9 November, arresting 27 leading members including the two chiefs of Los Rastrojos, a gang involved in drug trafficking, extortion and murders, EFE reported on 11 November. Members of this gang recently gunned down 10 farm workers, apparently for their employer's failure to pay protection money. The gangsters were meeting outside the town of La Virginia in the Risaralda department to discuss strategies in south-western Colombia, EFE cited Colombia's police chief José Roberto León as saying. The detained included Nelson Mauricio Taborda or Mascota (Pet), who led the Rastrojos following the arrest last July of their chief Diego Pérez Henao, and his deputy dubbed Picante (Spicy), whom the police chief described as "extremely dangerous." He said Picante was thought involved in several murders that included brutal methods like the dismemberment of victims, a practice apparently learned from unspecified Mexican cartels. The gang's chiefs for seven or eight departments of Colombia were reportedly among the 27 held, EFE and El Espectador reported.  The daily cited President Juan Manuel Santos as saying on 10 November that the state had ever-improving intelligence on the workings of such gangs and would keep arresting new leaders "as they emerge."

Kirchner opponents repeat protests in Argentina

"Tens of thousands" of Argentinians protested on 8 November in Buenos Aires and other cities against insecurity, inflation, corruption and the policies of President Cristina Fernández de Kirchner, repeating the protests organized in September, the daily Clarín reported on 9 November. It observed that these protests were "directed principally against" Kirchner, who many Argentines suspect may wish to serve a third presidential term. She is not allowed by law to serve a third consecutive term and the government has said nothing about plans to alter the constitution to allow this, but suspicions evidently persisted. Police reportedly counted some 30,000 people outside the presidential palace in Buenos Aires in the evening, while Clarín, a daily unsympathetic to Kirchner, reported "massive demonstrations" not just in the capital but in cities including Córdoba, Mendoza and San Miguel de Tucumán, without citing figures. The government noted the support of some opposition politicians for the protests including of the mayor of Buenos Aires Mauricio Macri who was reportedly in the crowd. The speaker of Argentina's lower legislative chamber Julián Domínguez observed on 9 November that mobilisations "for negative sentiments are not good for" Argentina and would not strengthen institutions, the state agency Telam reported. Kirchner in turn defended her policies at a gathering in the presidential palace on 9 November, as a "political project of inclusion, even of those who disagree," Telam reported. On 7 November, a power outage left some 1.5 million residents of central Buenos Aires without electricity for over two hours, also halting the metro and utilities and causing traffic jams, Europa Press reported on 8 November. Work in parliament and government offices was also affected. The planning minister Julio de Vido said on 8 November that the government would investigate prior to possible legal action, and insisted there had been "no problem with energy supplies or generation," Europa Press reported. He said "we cannot blame the heat...we notice the hour, the place and the demand, which was half what that line could convey." November is late spring in Argentina.

Ten reported killed around Mexico, traffickers held

Ten people were reported killed or found dead in six states around Mexico on 8 November, the review Proceso reported. One of the dead, apparently strangled and beaten to death, was found in the morning in the very busy Distribuidor Juárez intersection of the north-central city of San Luis Potosí, where public messages from unspecified drug cartels were also displayed. In Sonora a 17-year-old schoolboy was injured in the face as gunmen fired shots at the family car driving to school; he was reportedly recovering in hospital. Separately, a day after she was kidnapped, the mother of a regional legislator from Guerrero in western Mexico was freed; she was left by a building on the road between Zihuatanejo and Acapulco in Guerrero, though it was not immediately clear if a ransom had been paid, Proceso reported on 8 November. Authorities also announced the arrests of three drug traffickers on 7 November, one of whom was already reported as detained the previous summer. They were identified as the head of The Zetas cartel in the northern city of Saltillo where he was arrested, a presumed member of The Zetas dubbed El Chikano detained in the city of Aguascalientes, and a leader of the Cartel del Centro named as Benicio Flores Hernández - El Benny.  He was detained in Tlalnepantla in Estado de México where the cartel works, Proceso reported. It was not immediately clear why he was arrested twice. Flores reportedly ran the cartel's trafficking in the districts of Tlalnepantla, Atizapán and part of Ecatepec in Estado de México from 2011, the year the cartel's chief was reportedly arrested.

Colombian gangsters murder 10 peasants

Suspected gangsters murdered 10 workers on a fruit farm in northern Colombia on 7 November, firing "indiscriminately" before throwing a grenade at them, The Associated Press reported, citing police statements. The police were reportedly told that three gunmen gathered a group of workers on an estate in the district of Santa Rosa de Osos in the Antióquia department, and asked if the business was paying protection money; the workers apparently did not know or would not say, whereupon the gunmen began shooting. The massacre was attributed to the Rastrojos gang, the broadcaster Caracol reported on 8 November. Colombia's Defence Minister Juan Carlos Pinzón said in Bogotá on 8 November that "such barbaric acts have no explanation," though police commanders would travel to the zone to investigate, El Espectador reported. Pinzón said in an interview with Blu Radio that the incident was of concern as authorities had recently detained the presumed local head of the Rastrojos, dubbed 18. The governor of Antióquia Sergio Fajardo Valderrama also spoke to Blu Radio, lamenting that "the criminal phenomenon" continued even as leading criminals were caught. Separately a Venezuelan beauty queen and two Colombians were among five arrested in Venezuela at an unspecified date and being questioned for suspected ties to the Colombian drug trafficker Daniel "Crazy" Barrera, arrested last September. The detained, including Gabriela Alexandra Fernández Ocando - beauty queen for the Venezuelan state of Zulia in 2008 - may be charged with money laundering and criminal conspiracy, Caracol reported on 8 November.

Eight killed around Mexico, drug cash found

"At least" eight people were reported to have been killed or found dead on 7 November in different parts of Mexico, including one in the form of a severed head found on a road outside Ríoverde in north-central Mexico. Others included suspected criminals killed in shootouts with the police, Proceso reported. Criminals were also reported that day to have kidnapped the mother of a regional legislator in western Mexico. Sandra Luz Ríos Ríos was abducted from her bakery in a village in the Benito Juárez district of the state of Guerrero, Proceso reported. Her son Ricardo Ángel Barrientos Ríos was elected last July to the state parliament of Guerrero for the leftist Democratic Revolutionary Party; he was mayor of Benito Juárez in 2009-12. Guerrero has in past months witnessed regular violence as cartels fight to control its territory. In the northern state of Nuevo León, authorities presented to the press on 7 November four presumed members of the Gulf Cartel likely involved in murders and kidnappings, detained on a state highway on 22 October, Proceso reported. They were said to have confessed to their roles in 13 killings including of policemen, and 16 kidnappings in southern Nuevo León. Separately the explosion of a house for a gas leak in the north-western city of Tijuana led police to find there about 1.8 million USD thought to belong to the Sinaloa Cartel, Proceso reported on 7 November. Five children or teenagers were injured by the explosion as was a woman identified as niece of the trafficker and cartel member Raydel López Uriarte, jailed in 2010. In Coatzacoalcos in the eastern state of Veracruz the army arrested a "criminal cell," confiscating from them items including six cars, 500 doses of cocaine, cash worth about 20,000 USD and arms including a machine gun and a rocket launcher, Proceso reported.

Policemen ambushed, murderers caught in Mexico

Three policemen killed in an ambush were among six reported victims of violence around Mexico on 6 November. The three members of the state police were shot while driving in the district of Arcelia in the western state of Guerrero, Proceso reported. A suspect was separately shot dead by police in the northern city of Torreón, after refusing to stop his car; a gun was later found inside. Another victim identified as a local drug dealer, was shot dead by police in Tulum on Mexico's Caribbean coast. He and two others were sought out when police received a phone call that "three armed men were beating" someone in a karaoke bar. They escaped toward a house whence they fired on police coming after them; one was arrested. Proceso separately reported an "attack" on police late on 5 November in the Pánuco district of the eastern state of Veracruz, apparently without casualties. Authorities announced also the arrest, apparently in the western city of Guadalajara, of two presumed members of the cartel Jalisco Nueva Generación (JNG) who confessed to killing three public-transport employees in neighbouring Zapopan on 11 October. They said they had been ordered to kill the drivers to avenge the death of a relative of one of the cartel's leaders by a bus driver, though it was not immediately clear if this had been an accident, Proceso reported on 6 November. The JNG cartel reportedly killed five transport workers in Zapopan that day. The detained confessed to taking part in 14 other killings, including of a three-year-old accidently killed in a shootout.

Sandinistas win Nicaraguan local polls

Nicaragua's ruling National Liberation Sandinista Front (FSLN), the party of President Daniel Ortega, won most city governments in the municipal elections of 4 November, amid the skepticism of some observers and post-election clashes in five municipalities. The United Alliance (Alianza Unida, AU) led by the Sandinistas was officially declared to have won 134 of 153 municipal governments including 14 of 17 departmental capitals and the capital Managua, Europa Press reported on 6 November citing reports of official declarations. The officialist mayoress of Managua Daysi Torres retained her post, reportedly winning some 230,000 votes more than her challenger Alfredo Gutiérrez. The head of the Supreme Electoral Council (CSE) Roberto Rivas reportedly gave 57.7 per cent as the participation rate of eligible voters and 75.69 per cent as the share of votes won by AU. The opposition Independent Liberal Party (PLI) won 12 municipal governments and Yatama, an indigenist party allied to the government, three, EFE reported. The agency added that three were killed in clashes in five districts in northern and western Guatemala; unspecified opposition offices were destroyed in one municipality, it reported. Not all observers were as delighted with the results as the government: the civic association Ética y Transparencia, which seeks strictly democratic institutions in Nicaragua, deplored the polls as a "farse" and alleged a "structure" parallel to the state had handled ballots unsupervised, EFE reported. The US State Department observed in turn that the elections had not been transparent enough to assure that "the process faithfully reflected the will of the Nicaraguan people." Its spokeswoman Victoria Nuland cited on 5 November reported irregularities including individuals being prevented from voting and "cases of voters being allowed to vote multiple times." The Electoral Observation Mission (MOE) sent by the Organization of American States suggested specific improvements to the electoral process, but stated it had observed a generally "civic atmsophere," Europa Press reported.

Other Colombian rebels urged to start peace talks

The president of the Colombian Senate Roy Barreras Montealegre urged the rebel National Liberation Army (ELN) on 3 November to start talking to the state "soon," emulating the larger Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC), and help end decades of civil conflict in the country. His comments, made in Pasto in the south-western Nariño department, followed the ELN's own recent proposals about possible talks. Barreras suggested separate talks with the ELN as they were part of a "different story" and had differing interests from the FARC, El Espectador reported. The ELN are Colombia's second guerrilla force in terms of numbers. Barreras was attending an event in Pasto to collect citizen's opinions on negotiations with the FARC. He said addressing the FARC that Colombians wanted an end to kidnappings before their could be peace; "we want a peace without traps. I especially hope before agreements are signed in coming months that there will be no more kidnappings nor children recruited by the guerrillas," he said. On 5 November Colombia asked Pope Benedict XVI to bless the incipient peace process with the FARC. The request was made by the new ambassador to the Holy See, Germán Cardona Gutiérrez, while presenting his credentials to the Supreme Pontiff, El Espectador reported. "Fierce fighting" was reported in contrast on 4 November between Colombian troops and the FARC, in the south-western district of Corinto. Five including an eight-year-old child were injured as gun shots and mortar fire were exchanged in hilly country around the town of Corinto in the Cauca department, the broadcaster Caracol reported. The army said one guerrilla was captured and another surrendered.

Cartel suspect detained in Mexico, four killed

Four men were found dead in eastern Mexico on 4 November with indications they had been "executed" by a cartel or gang, Proceso reported. Their bodies were found outside the town of Tierra Blanca with heads covered, hands tied and showing "signs of torture," the review reported. Authorities were reported that day to have made several arrests around Mexico. On 1 November soldiers arrested a suspect identified as "one of the most important" members of the Sinaloa drug cartel, Mexico's leading cartel though challenged by rivals, Proceso reported on 4 November. Jesús Alfredo Salazar Ramírez - El Muñeco (Doll) - was stopped in Huixquilucan in the Estado de México state. He headed Los Salazar, a gang said to be part of the Sinaloa cartel, and was sought for his suspected in role in "numerous" executions around northern Mexico and in the capital, including of the anti-crime activist Nepomuceno Moreno Núñez in November 2011. A Texas court had separately issued an arrest warrant for him, for charges of criminal association and drug trafficking. On 3 or 4 November police arrested three Guatemalans "wearing military uniforms" thought to have participated in "one of the shootouts" reported on 3 November in the northern city of Reynosa, Proceso reported. They were detained after they began shooting at a police patrol near their purported hideout; arms, ammunition and hand grenades were found in the house. Proceso reported another shoutout in Reynosa on 4 November, in a shopping centre and apparently without casualties.

Twenty six reported killed around Mexico

It was one of Mexico's more violent days: more than 25 were reported killed or found dead on 1-2 November, including four whose dismembered bodies were left outside a police station with a warning message. Presumed cartel members left the bodies in a car boot outside a federal police station in the northern city of Torreón, with a message to the "asshole" police to "keep still" or there would be more violence, the review Proceso reported on 2 November. Also in Torreón, gunmen fired on a congregation attending a "service" or ceremony in honour of the figure of Holy Death, killing six in the group. The cult of Holy Death (Santa Muerte), depicted as a squeleton clad in robes not unlike those of the Virgin Mary, has in recent years emerged as a pseudo-religion followed mostly by the lower classes and criminals. In the west-coast state of Guerrero, four members of a family were shot dead at home late on 1 November, in the countryside of the Coyuca de Benítez district; a decapitated body was also left in a car in the nearby district of Acapulco, Milenio reported. In the state's Ajuchitlán de Progreso district, troops rescued a man kidnapped by a gang on 31 October and arrested nine suspects including four teenagers, Milenio reported on 2 November. The purported gang of kidnappers included four members aged 16 and one aged 19. In Cancún on Mexico's Caribbean coast, a 15-year-old boy and suspected thief was shot dead outside his home, at dawn on 1 November. The boy was reputedly "very violent" and had been reported several times to the police for thieving and assaults, Milenio reported. Police detained his mother, an uncle and a brother for questioning. His mother said she came out of the house and found his lifeless body, after she heard gun shots then her son "muttering."

Mayoress sends marines onto streets of Monterrey

Ninety Mexican marines began patrolling downtown Monterrey in northern Mexico on 1 November, in one of the new mayor's first moves to boost the crime-ridden city's security and to enhance, or restore, public trust in local security forces. Residents and drivers were said to have watched in surprise - or admiration - as armed and masked navy troops "slowly drove around" central Monterrey, stopping to inspect suspect vehicles, Guadalajara's 1070 Radio reported. Margarita Arellanes Cervantes, Monterrey's first female mayor since its foundation in 1596, said that day that "we are starting a new phase," even as she urged people to "call and inform" on suspects to help beat crime, Milenio reported on 2 November. She said she hoped people would trust patrols including troops and policemen, in a country where many local policemen are distrusted if not despised, and intermittently dismissed for ties to organized crime. Arellanes, a member of the conservative National Action Party (PAN), was elected mayor in July's general elections. She has vowed the "reconstruction" of Monterrey and vowed "absolute transparency" when taking office on 31 October at a ceremony in the city's theatre; "let me say very clearly, there will be no acts hidden from the law in my government. I shall watch over the absolute transparency of every one of our actions nor tolerate under any circumstance the stain of suspicion or the shadow of corruption," the website Terra cited her as saying. Earlier in October she declared that municipal employees accross the board in Monterrey would have to sit through "confidence" tests, and this seemed to have begun. On 1 November she said 80 city policemen had failed these tests and were expected to leave their posts before December. She also appointed a soldier, Rear-Admiral Augusto Cruz Morales, as the new police chief of Monterrey.

Colombian rebels killed by own bomb before attack

Two members of the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) were killed on 31 October by a bomb they were carrying in the town of Pradera in western Colombia, avoiding what the mayor said would have been a "tragedy" as people were out and about for Halloween festivities. Nevertheless over 30 people including 14 children were injured when the bomb exploded in the town's park, according to the daily El Espectador; the guerrillas were thought to be taking the bomb on bicycles toward a police station, Europa Press reported, citing Colombia's El Tiempo. Colombia's police chief José León Riaño called this a "demented and cowardly" attack and told the FARC to expect a firm response, El Espectador reported on 1 November. He said at a police event that FARC chiefs should sit at the negotiating table in Havana if they wanted to stay alive. Colombia and the FARC are to pursue planned peace conversations in Havana on 15 November.

Five killed, policemen arrested in Mexico

Five including a former mayor and a municipal employee were murdered or found dead around Mexico on 31 October, while authorities detained 23 policemen in the district of Chalco south east of Mexico City, for suspected ties to the mafia, Proceso reported on 1 November. The suspected victims of organized crime included the former mayor of Miguel Alemán on Mexico's north-eastern frontier with the United States, shot to death as he  entered his house the evening of 31 October. The Municipal Secretary - likely a deputy-mayor - of Zumpango in the Estado de México state, separately died after being stabbed in the chest outside a clinic in that town; in the same state, the mayor-elect of Luvianos was "repeatedly" shot from car and badly injured as he drove on a state road. Early on 1 November, 1,400 state police and judicial agents of Estado de México participated in the arrests of 23 municipal policemen and five municipal employees of the Chalco and Valle de Chalco districts suspected of aiding criminals, Proceso reported. The suspects were held at the police stations where they worked to which they had been summoned for an inspection at four in the morning. They were taken to the prosecutor's office of the nearby district of Nezahualcóyotl.

Nine killed in Mexico, traffickers arrested

A policeman and two suspected criminals were three of "at least" nine reported killed or found dead around Mexico on 31 October. The three were killed in a shootout between security forces and gunmen in the district of Guasave in the north-western state of Sinaloa, Proceso reported. Four were killed the same day in a gun attack on a mechanical workshop in Guadalupe, next to the north-eastern city of Monterrey. The owner of the workshop, his son and two presumed employees were killed in that attack. Another victim was a policewoman reported kidnapped on 30 October, found dead in Tlapehuala in the western state of Guerrero. Marines separately arrested on 29 October a suspect identified as José Salgueiro Nevárez - El Che - presumed head of the Sinaloa drug cartel in Hidalgo de Parral in the northern state of Chihuahua where he was arrested, Proceso reported on 31 October. Four were arrested with him and arms, ammunition, seven cars and communication equipment confiscated. A man described by media as The Zetas cartel's main supplier of Colombian cocaine was arrested in Buenos Aires on 30 October following a multi-national investigation process, Proceso reported, citing declarations by Colombia's police chief José Roberto León. Henry de Jesús López Londoño - Mi Sangre or My Blood - was apparently arrested while attending to paperwork in Ecuador's embassy; Colombia, Argentine intelligence and the US Drug Enforcement Administration collaborated to find him.

Colombia's other rebel force proposes ceasefire

Colombian leftist rebels of the National Liberation Army (Ejército de Liberación Nacional, ELN) proposed a bilateral ceasefire with the government on 30 October as a first step toward possible peace, and echoing the peace conversations begun between the state and the larger Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC). The ELN recalled this was not the first time it had sought a ceasefire or peace conversations with the state, Europa Press reported, citing Colombia's Caracol Radio. The state has refused a ceasefire while talking to the FARC. The communiqué was read out at a seminar on protecting civilians in Colombia's conflicts, organized by the NGO Geneva Call and backed by the UN. It expressed hope for an eventual peace allowing "truth to flourish" in Colombia and the "pains" of Colombians to be "treated with dignity," but also urged an eventual "cleansing" or purging of local and regional authorities imposed by unspecified "narcotic and paramilitary pressures and corruption." The guerrilla stated that dialogue engaged within a ceasefire would create greater trust and "relieve" the suffering of civilians in conflict zones, EFE reported. The ELN was formed in 1964 and is run by a five-member Central Command including its supreme leader, currently Nicolás Rodríguez Bautista or Gabino.

Ten reported killed around Mexico

Gunmen shot dead on 30 October the district Public Security or police chief of San Martín de Hidalgo in the western state of Jalisco, a week after a similar attack on a local police chief, Proceso reported. Eight assassins reportedly arrived in a Dodge truck at seven in the morning and forcibly entered the home of Casimiro Zárate Guerrero; the weekly reported an attack on 22 October on the police chief of Guadalupe, a nearby district within the Valles zone west of the city of Guadalajara. He and two colleagues were shot dead in that attack by individuals riding four "luxury" estate cars, presumaly members of a drug cartel. Also on 30 October, marines shot dead five suspected kidnappers in the Cosamaloapan district of the the east-coast state of Veracruz, as they sought to rescue a hostage, Proceso reported. A gun battle erupted when marines entered the roadside Villa Paraíso hotel looking for the son of a local notary reportedly held there; the kidnappers threw hand grenades at them. The judiciary in the neighbouring state of Tabasco separately presented to media on 30 October three suspected kidnappers arrested on 26 October and presumed members of a gang active in the states of Tabasco and Chiapas, Proceso reported. Four people were also reported shot dead that day: three men in Tonalá next to Guadalajara and a Honduran migrant in the state of Veracruz, Proceso reported.

Fourteen killed around Mexico

Fourteen people including five women and a teenager were killed around Mexico on 29 October in incidents mostly thought related to organized crime, Proceso reported. The dead included a woman gunned down outside a supermarket in Guachochi in the northern state of Chihuahua, in a scene likely seen by her three-year-old son who was sitting in a car nearby. Two women and a 13-year-old boy were gunned down in a beer shop in Guadalupe near the northern city of Monterrey. Soldiers also shot dead a gunman as they took over a ranch in the western state of Michoacán thought to belong to a presumed leader of the criminal gang Caballeros Templarios, Enrique Plancarte Solís or Kiki. Suspected gang members fled the estate, where an unspecified amount of arms and cash was found. In the west-coast resort of Acapulco, four or more armed men apparently sought to burn down a hotel after they entered pretending to be guests, Proceso reported on 29 October. Two entered the kitchens of the Costa Linda hotel on the coastal Miguel Alemán boulevard and started a fire with fuel, before the group fled. Staff put out the fire.

FARC attack kills six policemen in Colombia

Suspected members of the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) attacked a police post in western Colombia on 29 October, killing six members of the highway police, media reported. The attack with gunfire and explosives took place on a road between the districts of Puerto Tejada and Villarica in the north of the Cauca department, and was suspected to be the work of the FARC's Sixth Front, El Colombiano reported on 30 October.

Salvador Allende's granddaughter now a mayor in Chile

Veterinarian, socialist and granddaughter of Chile's ill-fated president of the 1970s Salvador Allende, Maya Fernández Allende became on 28 October the mayor of the Ñuñoa commune or municipality in the Santiago Metropolitan zone, ousting a right-wing opponent during nationwide municipal elections. Her opponent Pedro Sabat Pietracaprina had been mayor since 1996, and lost by 92 votes to Fernández who won 44.9 per cent of votes cast, Agence France-Presse reported. France-Presse cited the academic Mauricio Morales as saying that such results were influenced by student protests in 2011 against the conservative government's education policies; these were especially vibrant in larger districts like Ñuñoa, where he said Sabat had responded with force, ordering police to dislodge several schools or colleges occupied by protesting students. Fernández reportedly expressed support for students. She admitted her family name may have influenced her votes, "but I do not know how much." Allende committed suicide on 11 September 1973 during a violent coup undertaken by the armed forces. Fernández's mother Beatriz Allende Bussi - a physician like her father - left Chile for Cuba where she too killed herself in 1977. Sabat's daughter Marcela Sabat Fernández, a member of the conservative Renovación Nacional coalition, represents the Ñuñoa and Providencia constituency in the lower house of parliament. She was reportedly the youngest member of the chamber.

Chile's Left advances in municipal polls

Chile's President Sebastián Piñera Echenique deplored the low voter turnout in the 28 October elections for 345 municipalities, which handed his left-wing opponents a relative victory and may herald their success in the general elections of November 2013. The officialist Renovación Nacional lost important municipal governments like Concepción or inside the Santiago conurbation, and cabinet changes were expected as the government began to plan its strategy for 2013. Renovación won 37.47 of votes cast and the center-left Concertación 43.1 per cent, Reuters reported on 29 October, also qualifying the unprecedented abstention as the government's "second defeat." The head of the Electoral Service Juan Ignacio García said early that a lower turnout was normal in municipal polls, and anticipated the usual 15 per cent abstention rate to rise to 40 per cent this time, EFE reported. In turned out to be 60 per cent or over, with Dpa reporting on "dozens" of polling stations where nobody voted. Piñera, president since 2009, said on 28 October that many "exercised their right not to" vote but that this was "an alarm signal for democracy" in Chile. The "voluntary vote means respecting the freedom of citizens, but liberty also means duties," he said, stating nevertheless that "we have very carefully listened to the message" of this abstention. Changes in election laws in 1990 allowed citizens not to vote, while automatic voter inscription placed the number of registered voters this year at 13.4 million, EFE reported. The president was expected to partially reshuffle his cabinet before or around 11 November, as the media named two ministers as possible presidential hopefuls. By law, any minister wanting to run in the general elections of 17 November 2013 must leave office by 16 November this year if running for a legislative seat, or a little later if seeking the presidency, EFE reported.

Colombian leaders voice divisions at party congress

Colombia's present and last presidents made a public display of their differences on 28 October, alternately defending and attacking the latest round of peace talks with the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC). Both justified their records and aspirations for Colombia as they addressed supporters in the conservative Partido de la U, gathered in Bogotá to elect new party directors. The former president Álvaro Uribe Vélez reiterated his criticisms of incipient peace talks and said the government seemed more interested in talking to "terrorism" than assuring Colombia's security. Uribe, who sought to defeat the FARC when president in 2002-10, told party members "the last two years have made many Colombians think that the Government has shown greater interest in talking to terrorism than in security," and alleged any strikes against FARC commanders under his successor Juan Manuel Santos seemed "more the fruit of of the Armed Forces' resolve" than government determination. He deplored that the government should seek to build "trust with terrorism" or they should now be deemed a warring party when "many countries" and "most Colombians" considered them terrorists, EFE reported. Santos was Uribe's defence minister in 2006-9, but the two have drifted apart for Uribe's opposition to a compromise with the FARC. Members of the Partido Social de la Unidad Nacional - the Unity or U party - have thus faced a dilemna in the discord between their leading personalities. Santos later defended talks as a continuation of Uribe's own policies. He said the previous government tried "the impossible" to talk to the FARC, chose possible locations for such conversations and asked Brazil to act as garantor. There were letters he said, setting out preconditions including an end to terrorism, the broadcaster RTVE reported on 29 October. He said "they were negotiating for five years and now they say, how are we talking to terrorism?" while "members of the previous government forget" he was pursuing its policies. He declared he had not come with "rancour" or "resentment," but to "build the future and talk about the future." He observed that professional political parties with discipline, debate and "internal democracy" were a key part of the democratization process. "I do not believe, let me be clear, in made-to-measure parties that become shorter or longer" to fit the needs of a "caudillo or the one currently in charge," RCN radio reported.

Prison staff jailed in Mexico after inmates' flight

Authorities jailed nine former employees of the Piedras Negras prison in northern Mexico after they were charged with aiding a mass flight of prisoners on 17 September, Proceso reported on 27 October. Over 130 prisoners, mostly presumed members of The Zetas drug cartel, reportedly either walked out of the prison that day or fled through a hole made in the carpentry workshop. Troops and police have caught some of them and killed others, but most seemed to be free and likely involved in numerous criminal incidents in northern Mexico in recent weeks. The Coahuila state prosecutor's office stated it might question other prison staff. Two men were separately shot dead in the northern state of Chihuahua on 28 October, one in the city of Chihuahua, the other in Meoqui further south, Proceso reported.

Mexican troops kill, detain suspected gangsters

Six were killed in drug-related violence in three states of Mexico on 26 October, while troops detained a "cell" from The Zetas cartel thought involved in at least 43 killings over a year. Two of the dead were suspected members of The Zetas cartel, shot by troops in the northern city of Monterrey. They were identified as a local boss dubbed El Tío and a presumed associate dubbed El Pollo (Chicken), and were shot as they opened fire when troops told them get out of their car, Proceso reported. Another "suspected criminal" was shot dead by soldiers in Xalapa, in the eastern state of Veracruz; troops also detained four presumed kidnappers and released a man held by them in José Azueta in Veracruz. Police separately presented on 26 October four detainees and suspected members of The Zetas including their head in the northern districts of Guadalupe and Benito Juárez, identified as Miguel Ángel Domínguez Montaño or Micky. He confessed he had taken part in seven executions and ordered dozens more. The four were arrested on 6 October while driving in Guadalupe, Proceso reported. The state prosecutor's office was reported to have ascertained in this time that the four had kidnapped and killed 35 presumed traffickers working with rival gangs, and killed eight kidnap victims for whom ransom had not been paid or who recognized their captors.

Colombian guerrillas fighting amid peace talks

The Colombian government had ruled out suspending military action during peace talks it began in October with the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) and the FARC took note: late on 19 or on 20 October suspected FARC guerrillas killed five soldiers in a bomb attack on a patrol in the southern department of Putumayo, Europa Press reported, citing Colombian media and officials. Twelve soldiers were injured in the attack in the Puerto Asís district, near Ecuador. President Juan Manuel Santos deplored the "vile attack" writing on the website Twitter, Reuters reported. The agency observed that violence might increase during peace talks as both sides sought to show strength on the ground. On 21 October, Colombian troops found a FARC "refinery" in the south-western department of Nariño, where crude oil stolen from the Transandino pipeline was stored and processed, EFE reported, citing army declarations. The army recovered 37,000 litres of crude oil from the store, in the district of Ricaurte. The Venezuelan daily El Nacional was separately reported to have published the names of 27 Venezuelans allegedly held by the FARC, some for as long as a decade; the list was given it by relatives of the disappeared, Europa Press reported on 21 October. The head of the civil association Venezuela Libre de Secuestros Porfirio Dávila, has urged the Venezuelan government to speak to the FARC on the kidnappings on the sidelines of talks between the Colombian state and the FARC. He said families of the kidnapped had received no support from state institutions or the police. The Venezuelan government - which sympathises with the FARC - reportedly rejects reports that the FARC hold any Venezuelans. Europa Press cited Venezuelan diplomats as saying that Venezuela, which is "accompanying" the talks, could not introduce items onto its set agenda. They said the issue might be discussed informally. That would be doing a favour to Carlos Rosales García, one of the Venezuelans on the list apparently kidnapped in 2002 - and the least to be expected of representatives of his country. Doubtless losing patience with the pace and resolve of the Venezuelan state, his father took pictures of his son to Bogotá in 2005 where he showed them to Interpol. Colombia was following his son's case, Venezuela's El Diario de Huila reported on 22 October.

Colombia, rebels begin peace talks in Oslo

Negotiators representing Colombia and the communist Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) met behind closed doors in Oslo on 17 and 18 October, beginning a process of talks intended to end decades of civil war in Colombia. A communiqué read out by Cuban and Norwegian diplomats declared that the sides had set up the "negotiation table charged with developing the General Agreement for the Termination of the Conflict and Construction of a Stable and Lasting Peace, and in this way the second phase of the process begins," Venezuela's state news agency reported. The sides have apparently signed a document that they would not abandon talks before achieving a "real and sensible" peace agreement, El Espectador reported, which apparently contradicted the government's posture that talks could not go on indefinitely. Selected spokesmen were to meet again in Havana on 5 November to continue preparatory work for the next stage of talks on 15 November, when negotiators would discuss the first main theme agreed on - agrarian or rural development. Talks were to strictly follow the agenda set in previous months, Colombia's chief negotiator Humberto de la Calle Lombana told the press in Oslo on 18 October. He said these were not political or ideological arguments and the sides were not there to "convince" one another of their political preferences. He told a reporter of the Colombian broadcaster RCN that the FARC were entitled to hold and express their views, but peacefully. He told Reuters that talks would seek to eventually "transform" the FARC into a political force instead of an armed group, and "open ways" to end the "mix of politics and arms" in Colombia. De la Calle said at one point that the government would not become a "hostage" of prolonged talks if the agenda did not progress, the broadcaster Caracol reported.

Venezuela expels Paraguay's diplomats

Venezuela's foreign ministry told four Paraguayan diplomats on 16 October that they had 72 hours to leave the country, without giving explanations but following the progressive deterioration of ties in recent months, Europa Press reported, citing a diplomat's remarks. Paraguay's trade attaché in Caracas Víctor Casartelli was cited as telling a radio station in Asunción that the embassy was notified of the expulsion by phone; it appeared no diplomats would remain as Casartelli said caretakers would be left to guard the premises. Bilateral ties were spoiled last summer when Paraguay's parliament sacked its leftist president Fernando Lugo, a friend of Venezuela. Most Latin American states deplored the move, which was perceived as undemocratic in spite of its strict legality. Paraguay was considered to be in a state of relative diplomatic isolation until general elections due in April 2013. Paraguay's Foreign Minister José Félix Estigarribia Insaurralde said in Asunción on 17 October that his country had asked for a written note on the expulsion in line with formalities, EFE reported. "I don't  like judging other governments but I can say I notice the Venezuelan government has a peculiar approach to international relations and has confrontations with an enormous amount of countries," he told the Primero de Marzo radio station. He said Venezuelan statesmen "penalise, argue and ask states to disappear. They use an inappropriate language to deal with countries." Estigarribia said he would seek out "all channels" to resolve the impasse, but added Paraguay would not accept the "conduct" of Venezuela's foreign minister and new vice-president, Nicolás Maduro. Maduro was accused last June of meddling in Paraguay's affairs by encouraging its military to obstruct parliament's bid to remove the president, during a visit by foreign ministers of the regional association Unasur.

Peruvian novelist to be given Mexico's Fuentes prize

Mario Vargas Llosa became on 15 October the first recipient of Mexico's Carlos Fuentes Prize for Literary Creation in Spanish, "for the contribution he has made from Spanish to enrich mankind's heritage," according to the head of the Spanish Royal Academy José Manuel Blecua Perdices, a member of the jury that voted him the prize. The prize, worth 250,000 USD, was created in memory of the Mexican novelist Carlos Fuentes who died in May 2012. Vargas Llosa was given the Nobel prize for literature in 2010 and has received two literary awards from Spain. On 15 October the head of the National Council for Culture and the Arts of Mexico (Conaculta) Consuelo Sáizar Guerrero, informed Vargas Llosa by video-conference of the decision; he is to receive the prize in person on 11 November, the birthday of Carlos Fuentes, AFP reported. Vargas Llosa has written numerous novels and essays, many set in Peru where he was born in 1936. He has become, unexpectedly perhaps for many, a cultural figure associated with liberal conservatism, with a disdain for modern popular culture that has likely irritated some conformists. In 2012 he was among certain prominent supporters of Mexico's conservative presidential candidate Josefina Vázquez Mota, who lost the race to Enrique Peña Nieto of the "centrist" Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI). The PRI governed Mexico for most of the 20th century and imposed as Vargas Llosa said a "perfect dictatorship," hiding a clientelist and authoritarian regime behind a social-democratic appearance. It may have been no coincidence that Vargas Llosa "cancelled at the last minute" an invitation on 16 or 17 October to meet in Madrid with the visiting president-elect Peña Nieto.

Nicaragua buys Russian armour to fight crime

Nicaragua bought "a small quantity" of armoured cars from Russia to fight drug cartels, its interior minister said in Managua on 16 October, EFE reported. Ana Isabel Morales Mazún told a press conference that the purchase was agreed on in a "recent" visit to Moscow by the Nicaraguan police chief, though she did not say how much Nicaragua was paying for this and related purchases. The vehicles were to be used by the three special police units that deal with organized crime or rioting, in cities and the countryside. Nicaragua also purchased vehicles to transport high-risk or violent detainees, as well as uniforms, technical equipment and training. Nicaragua and Russia signed an agreement to fight crime in February 2012 during a visit by the head of Russia's Federal Narcotics Service, Victor Ivanov. Bilateral ties have gained momentum since the return to power in 2007 of the socialist Daniel Ortega. Nicaragua was apparently using criminals' money to finance the fight against crime, though it was not immediately clear if such money paid for the purchases. Morales said her country would build "at least five prisons" with part of more than nine million USD confiscated from 18 Mexicans detained last summer and suspected of drug trafficking. The Mexicans were arrested on 20 August as they sought to enter Nicaragua from Honduras, initially identifying themselves as journalists and staff of the Mexican broadcaster Televisa. Televisa denied they were employees. Some 9.2 million USD as well as cocaine traces were found in their vehicles, painted with Televisa logos. The suspects were to be tried in Nicaragua on 3 December on drug-trafficking and money laundering charges, ACAN-EFE reported. Morales said Nicaragua would build one high-security prison with the money and upgrade a similar facility outside the capital. President Ortega was also reported to have said in September that part of the confiscated money would be spent on police equipment.

Troops shoot dead 16 gunmen around Mexico

Mexican soldiers shot dead six suspected criminals who reportedly fired on them in two incidents on 14 October, in the north-eastern state of Tamaulipas. The attacks occurred in the districts of San Fernando and Nuevo Laredo, Proceso reported. In Pánuco in the east-coast state of Veracruz on 13 October, troops shot dead 10 suspected gangsters who also reportedly had fired on them; arms and ammunition were confiscated, Proceso reported on 14 October. It reported separately that a "young man" was shot dead in a "marginal" area of the port of Veracruz; the victim was described as having heavily tatooed legs. In northern Mexico, a man detained for kidnapping was "beaten and burned" to death in a prison in Ciudad Juárez, hours after being sent there from Veracruz where he had been arrested, Proceso reported on 14 October. The 40-year-old was detained on 9 October in the district of Emiliano Zapata in Veracruz, with five suspected members of a kidnapping gang.

Venezuelan president changes ministers

President Hugo Chávez Frías kept Nicolás Maduro as foreign minister of Venezuela days after appointing him vice-president for executive affairs, and publicized several ministerial appointments through messages on the website Twitter, EFE reported on 13 October. General Néstor Luis Reverol was the new interior and justice minister, replacing Tareck El Aissami who was to compete for the governorship of the state of Aragua in polls schedued for 16 December. Reverol vowed on state television to hasten unspecified police reforms and boost security in one of the continent's more crime-ridden countries. Admiral Carmen Meléndez de Maniglia, the first female admiral in Venezuela, was to head the ministry for the presidential office as well as a newly-created ministry to follow up government management. The deputy-minister for Indigenous Peoples Aloha Nuñez was made minister, replacing her former boss Nicia Maldonado Maldonado, who was to run in December for the office of governor of the state of Amazonas in south-east Venezuela. The journalist and state television presenter Ernesto Villegas Poljak became the new Communication and Information Minister, replacing Andrés Izarra. The ministers were sworn into office at the presidential palace on 13 October.

Policemen killed, missing in Mexico

Gunmen fired on a police patrol late on 12 October, killing a policeman and injuring another in the northern city of Torreón, while two suspected criminals and a policeman were killed in a shootout in Los Mochis in the north-western state of Sinaloa, Proceso reported. Six policemen were reported missing on 12 October in Saltillo in the northern state of Coahuila, amid suspicions they may have been kidnapped. Their wives initially reported their absence; local authorities later confirmed they had not gone to work without stating why, Proceso reported. Authorities also arrested on 12 October six members of the gang Caballeros Templarios, suspected of forming an "operational" cell in Celaya and Apaseo el Alto in the central state of Guanajuato, the state's chief prosecutor Carlos Zamarripa Aguirre stated. The detained, including a local police official, were suspected of involvement in extortion, drug trafficking and perhaps murders, Proceso reported. Authorities confiscated 25 cars thought to belong to the group.

Hugo Chávez seen with key role in Colombian talks

Álvaro Leyva Durán, a former Colombian minister and "facilitator" of previous parleys with the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC), speculated that the outcome of peace talks with the FARC, to begin on 15-17 October, would depend more on the interventions of Venezuela's socialist President Hugo Chávez than on the Colombian president's "goodwill." Venezuela is "accompanying" talks intended to end decades of guerrilla conflict in Colombia, and seen as having considerable leverage with the FARC. Leyva recently told the newspaper El Colombiano that he was certain President Juan Manuel Santos had "shared the keys" to the talks with Chávez, "to hasten the dialogue." It is "important people should know this. This process will have more to do with what Chávez can do than any goodwill the president might have" he said in remarks published on 12 October. He observed that the conflict with the FARC was now "internationalized" in spite of being internal, for its ideological nature and with the United States' involvement, for the FARC's alleged drug trafficking. To attain lasting peace he said, Colombia would have to unilaterally impose a "full-stop" legal formula ruling out subsequent prosecution and arrests of those involved in the conflict. "I do not think the gentlemen of the FARC...will submit to formulae...applied to the paramilitaries. They do not submit because they believe this implies juridical insecurity," Leyva said, referring to disarmament conditions for thousands of right-wing paramilitaries. Some paramilitary leaders were now serving jail terms for different crimes. Leyva said such a formula should cover "all those who are a part of this conflict," allegedly many. The war was not just with the FARC he said, but with "those who financed the war, with banana growers; there are many officials who combined their strengths and desire to overcome the enemy with the paramilitaries. Many civil servants lost control." Leyva, a member of the Conservative Party, was Colombia's mines and energy minister in 1984-5. Also on 12 October the FARC published on a website a message sent earlier to congratulate Hugo Chávez on his re-election to the presidency on 7 October, EFE reported.

Honduran leader checks security on buses

President Porfirio Lobo Sosa boarded several buses in Tegucicalpa on 9 October to check on a recent initiative to have soldiers assure security on buses, El Heraldo reported. Honduras has one of the world's highest crime rates. Lobo spoke to passengers and said troop numbers on buses could increase; his presence reportedly provoked congestion on the Bulevar Centroamérica, one of the capital's traffic arteries. On 28 September Lobo personally inaugurated the plan to have two soldiers or two policemen on every bus for 20 routes in Tegucicalpa and the northern suburb of Comayagüela, El Heraldo reported. "People tell me they take a very positive view of soldiers being there, and feel safer," he said as he came off a bus on 9 October. The government began to place security cameras on buses in February 2012.

Eight reported killed around Mexico

"At least" eight people were killed in violent incidents in four states of Mexico on 9 October, including a 16-year-old girl gunned down from a car in the northern city of Torreón, Proceso reported that day. Another victim was a 75-year-old man apparently strangled to death in the north-western town of Santiago Papasquiaro. Suspected criminals separately burned 20 police cars and confiscated vehicles in a police parking in Fresnillo in the north-central state of Zacatecas, Proceso reported on 9 October.

Ecuador's president may stand for re-election

Rafael Correa Delgado, president of Ecuador since 2007, said on radio in Quito on 9 October that there was a "high probability" his followers would ask him to be a candidate in presidential elections due in February 2013, EFE reported. Correa spoke in an interview with a broadcasting association, Asociación Ecuatoriana de Radiodifusión (AER). He said he had not yet decided to be a candidate but his family backed him and it was likely the Movimiento Alianza País (AP) would name him their candidate. EFE listed certain politicians cited as possible contenders so far, including the left-wing Alberto Acosta, former president Lucío Gutiérrez Borbúa, a former banker Guillermo Lasso and the "banana magnate" Álvaro Noboa Pontón. Correa said he would not fall into the "mediocrity" of discrediting aspirants but observed that some mentioned so far were an "embarrassment;" the country he said, "would have to be mad to send bankers back into power." A first round of elections was to be held on 17 February 2013 and a possible second round on 7 April, EFE reported.

Colombia's ex-leader said to be "obstructing" talks

The "foreign minister" of the communist Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) has said that the Colombian state decided to negotiate with the FARC after failing to defeat it, while a "minority" led by the former president Álvaro Uribe Vélez opposed peace talks backed by Colombians and the international community. Rodrigo Granda told La Tribune de Genève in Havana at an unspecified date that "the United States, the European Union, the Vatican" and sympathetic "personalities" in Colombia backed talks due to start informally in Oslo on 15 October, and "the only ones" who would obstruct them were "a small movement of the extreme Right" led by Uribe, El Mundo reported on 8 October. He said talks sought to "silence arms, but also and above all to refound our country." Government and FARC negotiators were to discuss themes including disarmament, rural reforms and the social reintegration of guerrillas. Granda said "all the themes are important and need to be treated calmly and negotiated scrupulously. They have to do with food sovereignty, health, education, the right to work...we have to reinvent Colombia, which is a very unjust country." He dissmissed the idea that the state was negotiating from a position of strength; "if the military could conquer us, the authorities would not have come to the negotiating table," he said. Uribe was president from 2002 to 2010 and weakened the FARC through relentless military action. He has denounced any negotiation with people he recently termed terrorists and drug traffickers. On 7 October he claimed the FARC had a "direct role" in Venezuela's recent presidential elections. Venezuela's socialist government has in the past been accused of aiding or sheltering the FARC; Uribe told Bogotá's Radio Santa Fe "I do not know how certain people can doubt that Venezuela is a sanctuary for the FARC." He said the FARC "controlled" an unspecified "mountainous zone" in the state of Zulia in western Venezuela. Twelve of as many as 30 FARC envoys and negotiators arrived on 8 October in Havana, where part of the talks would proceed, Europa Press reported. The FARC declared a day before that Interpol had suspended international arrest warrants for its negotiators, EFE reported.

Venezuela re-elects its president

Hugo Chávez was elected on 7 October to a fourth term as president of Venezuela, winning some 7,860,000 votes against just over 6,386,000 votes cast for the liberal Henrique Capriles, Europa Press reported. Chávez won 54.84 per percent of all votes counted by 8 October - which were 95.58 per cent of votes cast - the National Electoral Council (CNE) stated; he had already thanked Venezuelans through a message on the website Twitter, Reuters reported on 8 October. His rival conceded defeat and congratulated the president, but urged him to show "respect, consideration and recognition" for "almost half the country" that did not favour "this option keeping itself in power today," Reuters reported. Chávez was to govern Venezuela now until 2019.

Eleven shot, mutilated, found dead around Mexico

Eleven were reported shot or found dead around Mexico on 5 October in incidents likely related to organized crime, the review Proceso reported. In the north-central state of Zacatecas, four gunmen were shot dead by soldiers after they began shooting at a military patrol from a convoy of cars. Another man was shot dead in Valle Hermoso in the north-eastern state of Tamaulipas after he fired on a military patrol; a policeman who had been reported missing on 1 October in Escuinapa in the north-western state of Sinaloa was found shot dead and wrapped in a sheet in Acaponeta, in the west-coast state of Nayarit. He was the officer escorting the director of Public Security in Escuinapa. Other victims included two 14 and a 16-year-old boys shot dead in the central city of San Luis Potosí. Another "young man" of unspecified age was found decapitated that day in San Luis Potosí. In the northern city of Reynosa, police found and confiscated 13 armour-plated buses or lorries in a private lot, as well as arms and ammunition presumably belonging to criminal gangs, Proceso reported on 5 October. Guards at the site began shooting when police arrived; police shot dead one of them and arrested eight. The vehicles, some reportedly stolen, were being converted into armoured cars gangs use in gun battles, Proceso reported.

Over 20 killed, found dead around Mexico

Twenty two people were killed or found dead in apparent criminal incidents around Mexico on 2 October, including children aged seven and 11 years, Proceso reported, citing information given by police. These included: four suspected criminals killed by police in a shootout in the northern city of Saltillo, four men gunned down in a spa or public bath in the northern city of Monterrey, and the bodies of three men and an 11-year-old girl found in San Martín de Bolaños in the western state of Jalisco. Several bodies were found in cars in different parts of the country. A seven-year-old girl was shot dead, apparently accidentally, in the western city of Guadalajara, and two women had their throats slit in the Benito Juárez district in Estado de México, outside the capital.

Defections begin in Mexico's main Leftist party

Fifty members of the Democratic Revolutionary Party (PRD) from northern Mexico resigned from the party on 29-30 September and were to join the civic movement led by Andrés Manuel López Obrador, the former PRD leader who failed to win the presidency in July 2012. The move confirmed fears that López Obrador's split with the PRD after the general elections could divide the party and realign the Left. The 50 were from the state of Nuevo León and their departure was ostensibly in protest at the PRD's "anti-democratic" practice of appointing electoral candidates, CNN and Notimex reported. One defector, Roberto Benavides González, told Notimex that up to 200 party members could leave. Their destination would be the Movimiento de Regeneración Nacional (MORENA), a "civil association" that may become a formal political party before the next presidential elections. López Obrador and many on the Left vigorously challenged the results of the 2012 elections, though critics have claimed his populist style as candidate may have dissuaded some middle-class voters from voting for the Left and cost it the elections. Another recent defector, original party signatory and former parliamentarian Lenia Batres declared on 30 September that the PRD was now a "bureaucratic structure" with limited popular support. She told the website ADNPolítico that the PRD's leader Jesús Zambrano Grijalva had neglected the PRD's "political project" to maintain the unity of "jostling" factions that often had "absolutely opposed interests;" the PRD she said had thus "lost its way. It had a good idea of the country but was taken over by people who may not be of the Left. That is why we are going to Morena." Morena is to hold a congress in November, where it may decide whether or not to become a party. The PRD was founded in 1989 in a split from the governing Institutional Revolutionary Party.

"Fearful" Mexican mayor shown with local mafia

A video uploaded on 29 September on the website YouTube purportedly showed the newly-installed mayor of Teloloapan in western Mexico promise gangsters that police would not meddle with their activities in return for a peaceful town, Proceso reported on 30 September. Ignacio de Jesús Valladares Salgado, from the leftist Democratic Revolutionary Party (PRD), had apparently been kidnapped; "visibly fearful and with a faltering voice" he told his captors he would appoint a "neutral" police chief "removed from the interests of any group," as promised apparently to the local head of the cartel La Familia Michoacana, dubbed El Pez (The Fish). The mayor observed however that other cartels were active in the region "and I am going to keep myself on the sidelines of everything." The captors said "that is what we want," and promised not to act against police, but vowed that if "police against us again," Teloloapan "will burn." The mayor promised to "invite" local policemen not to "become involved with problems that could cause them greater difficulties," and either dismiss agents "stepping out of line" as his interviewers said, or "hand them over to the army." Valladares was elected in the general elections of July 2012. On 30 September, authorities arrested one of the Familia Michoacana's local chiefs, sought for suspected crimes including trafficking and murder. Casimiro Nava León - El Casimiro - was arrested in Toluca, west of Mexico City; he was identified as the head or future head of the cartel in the Valle de Toluca zone, Proceso reported, citing police information. He was caught with arms, ammunition, drugs and cash.

Mexicans did not report 90 per cent of crimes in 2011

Recent research by Mexico's state statistical agency revealed that over 90 per cent of crimes or offences were not reported to the police in 2011, essentially because people believed it would be a waste of time, Europa Press reported on 28 September. The 2012 poll Encuesta Nacional de Victimización y Percepción Sobre Seguridad Pública (Envipe) by the statistical agency INEGI revealed that 20.5 million crimes or offences were not reported and most people did not trust the police. Eighty three per cent of respondents believed the traffic police was "corrupt" and 71 per cent thought the same about municipal preventive police who deal with petty crime. More than 18 million Mexicans - about a quarter of the adult population - were victims of a crime or offence in 2011. Based on information given by victims who were poll participants, the most frequent crimes in 2011 were muggings on streets or on public transport (29 per cent), extortion (19 per cent), car theft (14 per cent), and fraud and threats (both eight per cent).

Venezuela's Chávez deplores campaign violence

President Hugo Chávez Frías deplored on 30 September the deaths a day earlier of three opposition activists during an election campaign event in the Barinitas district in western Venezuela, Argentina's La Nación reported. Two members of the opposition coalition challenging Chávez in general elections due on 7 October were shot dead by presumed Chávez supporters, and another died later of shot wounds. Six members of the officialist United Socialist Party of Venezuela (PSUV) were later arrested as authorities investigated the killings, Europa Press reported on 30 September. Two victims were members of Primero Justicia and Acción Democrática, parties supporting the liberal candidate Henrique Capriles. Chávez declared in the western state of Zulia that he was "very, very" sorry for the deaths "where they were going in a caravan and others were standing at some point and someone fired shots." He said elections were not to be held "with violence," but "vote for vote, with ideas, with peace." On 30 September, the broadcaster Globovisión and other media depicted opposition supporters "filling" central Caracas for their closing campaign rally there. Capriles urged "hundreds of thousands" gathered in the grand Bolívar Avenue to vote out "the violent" and vote "not for me but for yourselves." Chávez he said, had "grown sick in power" and he was "the instrument of change," Spain's ABC and Europa Press reported.

Mexican activist "fled for his life" after protest

Aleph Jiménez Domínguez, a spokesman for the protest group Yo Soy 132 in north-western Mexico who disappeared for five days in late September, said in Mexico City on 28 September that he "had to flee" the city of Ensenada in Baja California where he believed unspecified elements might kill him. He told the press "this was an urgent action" and there was good cause for his flight to nearby La Paz; "believe me my life was in danger. You mustn't wait for someone to turn up dismembered or dead for these actions to be valid," CNNMéxico reported him as saying. Jiménez hid from 20 to 25 September; on 15 September he was one of 20 activists detained in Ensenada after a protest, and publicly criticized on 17 September the Ensenada mayor Enrique Pelayo. Jiménez said he then felt he was being followed; he said a black car with glazed windows stopped outside his house and its driver phoned as he stepped out, to say he was "in front of the house, I found him." Jiménez lodged a complaint with the National Commission for Human Rights (CNDH) after travelling to its offices in Mexico City. Yo Soy 132 repeatedly protested against alleged manipulation and fraud in the July general elections, officially won by the Institutional Revolutionary Party and its presidential candidate Enrique Peña Nieto.

Twenty shot, found dead around Mexico

Twenty people were killed in criminal incidents or found dead around Mexico on 29 September, including three policemen and a civil servant's nephew, El Universal and CNN reported that day. In Torreón in the northern state of Coahuila, five suspected criminals died in a shootout with security forces, a state government spokesman declared. "At least" six were killed around Monterrey in the state of Nuevo León, two of them reportedly shot in their car by assassins driving behind them. The nephew of the Health Secretary of the north-western state of Sonora was gunned down late on 28 September in Hermosillo. Three policemen were shot dead on 29 September in San Miguel Teloloapán in the western state of Guerrero, the state prosecutor's office declared. In the north-western city of Aguascalientes, a woman was gunned down as she left the hairdressers. On 30 September, the bodies of three men and a woman who had been shot dead were found in pairs in the districts of Tototlán and Tequila, in the western state of Jalisco. Authorities separately arrested at an unspecified time and place, José Inés Medina Rodríguez, described as a senior operative of the Gulf Cartel in Juárez on the US frontier, El Universal reported on 29 September, citing the Nuevo León Public Security authority.

Guatemalan army evacuates families threatened by gang

The Guatemalan army evacuated late on 26 September five families from their homes near the Mexican border, apparently avoiding their imminent massacre by suspected members of the Mexican drug cartel The Zetas. The families - consisting of 44 people including 22 children - were taken from Santo Domingo Sinlaj in the district of Santa Cruz Barillas to army facilities in Guatemala City, El País reported on 28 September, citing local press reports. The Guatemalan daily Prensa Libre reported that they had for days been confined to their homes by Zetas who control this area and force locals into criminal work; it cited the regional commander General Rudy Ortíz Ruiz as saying that the army had information The Zetas were about to kill and rape 15 men and women for refusing to work for them, and that more families asked to be taken away when troops arrived to evacuate them. Authorities arrested in that zone on 27 September a suspect named as Daniel Juan, identified as the possible "local chief" of The Zetas, El País reported. The prosecutor-general of Guatemala Claudia Paz y Paz also announced the capture of the Zeta chief for Santa Cruz Barillas - named as Juan Nicolás - though it was not immediately clear if this was the same person, AFP reported, citing her remarks to Prensa Libre.

Army bombs Colombian rebels, kills eight

Colombian troops bombed a jungle base of the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) on the north-western department of Antióquia early on 27 September, killing "at least" eight rebels including two local chiefs, agencies cited Defence Minister Juan Carlos Pinzón as saying in Bogotá that day. Two of the dead were Efraín González Ruiz the commander of the FARC's fronts 35 and 37, and Jhonatan Lascarro head of a mobile unit and nephew of one of the seven members of the FARC's Secretariat or politburo. Five guerrillas were also detained and one surrendered to troops in the operation near the district of El Bagre, EFE reported.

Ten killed around Mexico

Nine people were killed or found dead on 27 September around Mexico, in the states of Morelos and Veracruz and the western city of Guadalajara, Proceso reported. These included a man shot dead in a bar in Cuernavaca, the capital of Morelos, the bodies of two young men found in a ditch in Morelos - they had apparently been stabbed in the neck - and a businessman and a woman found dead in Playa Vicente in the eastern state of Veracruz. It seemed they had been beaten then shot to death; the businessman, Cecilio Cervantes, had been reported disappeared 10 days before. On 28 September, the body of a man shot to death was found wrapped in a "colourful" blanket near the Country Club in Culiacán, north-western Mexico, El Universal reported.